Plotting with Bokeh

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import holoviews as hv
from holoviews import dim, opts

hv.extension('bokeh')

One of the major design principles of HoloViews is that the declaration of data is completely independent from the plotting implementation. Bokeh provides a powerful platform to generate interactive plots using HTML5 canvas and WebGL, and is ideally suited towards interactive exploration of data. By combining the ease of generating interactive, high-dimensional visualizations with the interactive widgets and fast rendering provided by Bokeh, HoloViews becomes even more powerful.

This user guide will cover various interactive features that bokeh provides which is not covered by the more general user guides, including interactive tools, linked axes and brushing and more. The general principles behind customizing plots and styling the visual elements of a plot are covered in the Style Mapping and Customizing Plots user guides.

Working with bokeh directly

When HoloViews outputs bokeh plots it creates and manipulates bokeh models in the background. If at any time you need access to the underlying Bokeh representation of an object you can use the hv.render function to convert it. For example let us convert a HoloViews Image to a bokeh Figure, which will let us access and modify every aspect of the plot:

img = hv.Image(np.random.rand(10, 10))

fig = hv.render(img)

print('Figure: ', fig)
print('Renderers: ', fig.renderers[-1].glyph)

Figure:  figure(id='p1010', ...)
Renderers:  Image(id='p1044', ...)

Exporting static files

Bokeh supports static export to png’s using Selenium, PhantomJS and pillow, to install the required dependencies run:

conda install selenium phantomjs pillow

alternatively install PhantomJS from npm using:

npm install -g phantomjs-prebuilt

To switch to png output persistently you can run:

hv.output(fig='png')

violin = hv.Violin(np.random.randn(100))

hv.output(violin, fig='png')

WARNING:bokeh.io.export:There were browser warnings and/or errors that may have affected your export
WARNING:bokeh.io.export:file:///home/runner/work/holoviews/holoviews/examples/user_guide/bokehleby8fhy.html - [.WebGL-0x2e58002aa300]GL Driver Message (OpenGL, Performance, GL_CLOSE_PATH_NV, High): GPU stall due to ReadPixels
WARNING:bokeh.io.export:file:///home/runner/work/holoviews/holoviews/examples/user_guide/bokehleby8fhy.html - [.WebGL-0x2e58002aa300]GL Driver Message (OpenGL, Performance, GL_CLOSE_PATH_NV, High): GPU stall due to ReadPixels
WARNING:bokeh.io.export:file:///home/runner/work/holoviews/holoviews/examples/user_guide/bokehleby8fhy.html - [.WebGL-0x2e58002aa300]GL Driver Message (OpenGL, Performance, GL_CLOSE_PATH_NV, High): GPU stall due to ReadPixels

The exported png can also be saved to disk using the save function by changing the file extension from .html, which exports an interactive plot, .png:

hv.save(violin, 'violin.png')

Element Style options

One of the major benefits of bokeh is that it was designed from the ground up with consistency in mind, therefore most style options are a combination of the fill, line, and text style options listed below:

from holoviews.plotting.bokeh.styles import (line_properties, fill_properties, text_properties)
print("""
Line properties: %s\n
Fill properties: %s\n
Text properties: %s
""" % (line_properties, fill_properties, text_properties))

Line properties: ['line_color', 'line_alpha', 'color', 'alpha', 'line_width', 'line_join', 'line_cap', 'line_dash', 'selection_line_color', 'nonselection_line_color', 'muted_line_color', 'hover_line_color', 'selection_line_alpha', 'nonselection_line_alpha', 'muted_line_alpha', 'hover_line_alpha', 'selection_color', 'nonselection_color', 'muted_color', 'hover_color', 'selection_alpha', 'nonselection_alpha', 'muted_alpha', 'hover_alpha', 'selection_line_width', 'nonselection_line_width', 'muted_line_width', 'hover_line_width', 'selection_line_join', 'nonselection_line_join', 'muted_line_join', 'hover_line_join', 'selection_line_cap', 'nonselection_line_cap', 'muted_line_cap', 'hover_line_cap', 'selection_line_dash', 'nonselection_line_dash', 'muted_line_dash', 'hover_line_dash']

Fill properties: ['fill_color', 'fill_alpha', 'selection_fill_color', 'nonselection_fill_color', 'muted_fill_color', 'hover_fill_color', 'selection_fill_alpha', 'nonselection_fill_alpha', 'muted_fill_alpha', 'hover_fill_alpha']

Text properties: ['text_font', 'text_font_size', 'text_font_style', 'text_color', 'text_alpha', 'text_align', 'text_baseline']

Note also that most of these options support vectorized style mapping as described in the Style Mapping user guide. Here’s an example of HoloViews Elements using a Bokeh backend, with bokeh’s style options:

curve_opts = opts.Curve(line_width=10, line_color='indianred', line_dash='dotted', line_alpha=0.5)
point_opts = opts.Points(fill_color='#00AA00', fill_alpha=0.5, line_width=1, line_color='black', size=5)
text_opts  = opts.Text(text_align='center', text_baseline='middle', text_color='gray', text_font='Arial')

xs = np.linspace(0, np.pi*4, 100)
data = (xs, np.sin(xs))

(hv.Curve(data) + hv.Points(data) + hv.Text(6, 0, 'Here is some text')).opts(
    curve_opts, point_opts, text_opts)

Notice that because the first two plots use the same underlying data, they become linked, such that zooming or panning one of the plots makes the corresponding change on the other.

Setting Backend Opts

HoloViews does not expose every single option from Bokeh.

Instead, HoloViews allow users to attach hooks to modify the plot object directly–but writing these hooks could be cumbersome, especially if it’s only used for a single line of update.

Fortunately, HoloViews allows backend_opts for the Bokeh backend to configure options by declaring a dictionary with accessor specification for updating the plot components.

For example, here’s how to make the toolbar auto-hide.

hv.Curve(data).opts(
    backend_opts={"plot.toolbar.autohide": True}
)

The following is the equivalent, as a hook.

def hook(hv_plot, element):
    toolbar = hv_plot.handles['plot'].toolbar
    toolbar.autohide = True

hv.Curve(data).opts(hooks=[hook])

Notice how much more concise it is with backend_opts!

With knowledge of the attributes of Bokeh, it’s possible to configure many other plot components besides toolbar. Some examples include legend, colorbar, xaxis, yaxis, and much, much more.

If you’re unsure, simply input your best guess and it’ll try to provide a list of suggestions if there’s an issue.

Sizing Elements

In the bokeh backend the sizing of plots and specifically layouts of plots is determined in an inside-out or compositional manner. Each subplot can be sized independently and it will fill the allocated space. The sizing is determined by the combination of width, height, aspect and responsive options. In this section we will discover the different approaches to setting plot dimensions and aspects.

Width and height

The most straightforward approach to specifying the size of a plot is using a width and height specified in pixels. This is the default behavior and makes it easy to achieve precise alignment between plots but does not allow for keeping a constant aspect or responsive resizing. In particular, the specified size includes the axes and any legends or colorbars.

points_a = hv.Points(data)
points_b = hv.Points(data)

points_a.opts(width=300, height=300) + points_b.opts(width=600, height=300)

Frame width and height

The frame width on the other hand provides precise control over the inner dimensions of a plot, it ensures the actual plot frame matches the specified dimensions exactly. This makes it possible to achieve a precise aspect ratio between the axis scales, without worrying about the size of axes, colorbars, titles and legends, e.g. below we can see two plots defined using explicit frame_width and frame_height share the same dimensions despite the fact that one has a colorbar.

xs = ys  = np.arange(10)
yy, xx = np.meshgrid(xs, ys)
zz = xx*yy

img = hv.Image(np.random.rand(100, 100))

points_a.opts(frame_width=200, frame_height=200) +\
img.opts(frame_width=200, frame_height=200, colorbar=True, axiswise=True)

Aspect

The aspect and data_aspect options provide control over the scaling of the plot dimensions and the axis limits.

aspect:

The aspect specifies the ratio between the width and height dimensions of the plot. If specified this options takes absolute precedence over the dimensions of the plot but has no effect on the plot’s axis limits. It supports the following options:

• float : A numeric value will scale the ratio of plot width to plot height

• "equal" : Sets aspect of the axis scaling to be equal, equivalent to data_aspect=1

• "square" : Ensures the plot dimensions are square.

data_aspect:

The data_aspect specifies the scaling between the x- and y-axis ranges. If specified this option will scale both the plot ranges and dimensions unless explicit aspect, width or height value overrides the plot dimensions:

• float : Sets ratio between the units on the x-scale and the y-scale

xs = np.linspace(0, 10)
ys = np.linspace(0, 5)

img = hv.Image((xs, ys, xs[:, np.newaxis]*np.sin(ys*4)))

(img.options(aspect='equal').relabel('aspect=\'equal\'') +
 img.options(aspect='square', colorbar=True, frame_width=300).relabel('aspect=\'square\'') +
 img.options(aspect=2).relabel('aspect=2') + 
 img.options(data_aspect=2, frame_width=300).relabel('data_aspect=2')).cols(2)

Responsive

Since bokeh plots are rendered within a browser window which can be resized dynamically it supports responsive sizing modes allowing the plot to rescale when the window it is placed in is changed. If enabled, the behavior of responsive modes depends on whether an aspect or width/height option is set. Specifically responsive mode will only work if at least one dimension of the plot is left undefined, e.g. when width and height or width and aspect are set the plot is set to a fixed size, ignoring any responsive option. This leaves four different responsive modes:

• scale_both: If neither a width or a height are defined but a fixed aspect is defined both axes will be scaled up to the maximum size of the container. Scaling ensures that the aspect ratio of the plot is maintained.

• stretch_both: If neither a width, height or aspect are defined the plot will stretch to fill all available space.

• stretch_width: If a height but neither a width or aspect are defined the plot will stretch to fill all available horizontal space.

• stretch_height: If a width but neither a height or aspect are defined the plot will stretch to fill all available vertical space.

Note: In the notebook stretching and scaling the height does not increase the size of a cell.

As a simple example let us declare a plot that has a fixed height but stretches to fit all available horizontal space:

hv.Points(data).opts(height=200, responsive=True, title='stretch width')

Similarly if we declare a fixed aspect or data_aspect responsive modes will try to fill all available space but avoid distorting the specified aspect:

img.opts(data_aspect=0.5, responsive=True, title='scale both')

Alignment

The alignment of a plot in a row or column can be controlled using the align option. It controls both the vertical alignment in a row and the horizontal alignment in a column and can be set to one of 'start', 'center' or 'end' (where 'start' is the default).

Vertical

points = hv.Points(data).opts(axiswise=True)
img = hv.Image((xs, ys, xs[:, np.newaxis]*np.sin(ys*4)))

img + points.opts(height=200, align='end')

Horizontal

(img.opts(axiswise=True, width=200, align='center') + points).cols(1)

Grid lines

Grid lines can be controlled through the combination of show_grid and gridstyle parameters. The gridstyle allows specifying a number of options including:

• grid_line_color

• grid_line_alpha

• grid_line_dash

• grid_line_width

• grid_bounds

• grid_band

These options may also be applied to minor grid lines by prepending the 'minor_' prefix and may be applied to a specific axis by replacing 'grid_ with 'xgrid_' or 'ygrid_'. Here we combine some of these options to generate a complex grid pattern:

grid_style = {'grid_line_color': 'black', 'grid_line_width': 1.5, 'ygrid_bounds': (0.3, 0.7),
              'minor_xgrid_line_color': 'lightgray', 'xgrid_line_dash': [4, 4]}

hv.Points(np.random.rand(10, 2)).opts(gridstyle=grid_style, show_grid=True, size=5, width=600)

Containers

The bokeh plotting extension also supports a number of additional features relating to container components.

Tabs

Using bokeh, both (Nd)Overlay and (Nd)Layout types may be displayed inside a tabs widget. This may be enabled via a plot option tabs, and may even be nested inside a Layout.

x,y = np.mgrid[-50:51, -50:51] * 0.1

img = hv.Image(np.sin(x**2+y**2), bounds=(-1,-1,1,1))
(img.relabel('Image') * img.sample(x=0).relabel('Cross-section')).opts(tabs=True)

Another reason to use tabs is that some Layout combinations may not be able to be displayed directly using HoloViews. For example, it is not currently possible to display a GridSpace as part of a Layout in any backend, and this combination will automatically switch to a tab representation for the bokeh backend.

Interactive Legends

When using NdOverlay and Overlay containers each element will get a legend entry, which can be used to interactively toggle the visibility of the element. In this example we will create a number of Histogram elements each with a different mean. By setting a muted_fill_alpha we can define the style of the element when it is de-selected using the legend, simply try tapping on each legend entry to see the effect:

hv.NdOverlay({i: hv.Histogram(np.histogram(np.random.randn(100)+i*2)) for i in range(5)}).opts(
    'Histogram', width=600, alpha=0.8, muted_fill_alpha=0.1)

The other muted_ options can be used to define other aspects of the Histogram style when it is unselected.

If you have multiple plots in a Layout with the same legend label, muting one of them will automatically mute all of them.

overlay1 = hv.Curve([0, 0], label="A") * hv.Curve([1, 1], label="B")
overlay2 = hv.Curve([2, 2], label="A") * hv.Curve([3, 3], label="B")
layout = overlay1 + overlay2
layout                                                           

If you want to turn off this behavior, use .opts(sync_legends=False)

layout.opts(sync_legends=False)

If you want to control the number of legend shown in the Layout or the position of them show_legends and legend_position can be used.

layout.opts(sync_legends=True, show_legends=0, legend_position="top_left")

Marginals

The Bokeh backend also supports marginal plots to generate adjoined plots. The most convenient way to build an AdjointLayout is with the .hist() method.

points = hv.Points(np.random.randn(500,2))
points.hist(num_bins=51, dimension=['x','y'])

When the histogram represents a quantity that is mapped to a value dimension with a corresponding colormap, it will automatically share the colormap, making it useful as a colorbar for that dimension as well as a histogram.

img.hist(num_bins=100, dimension=['x', 'y'], weight_dimension='z', mean_weighted=True) +\
img.hist(dimension='z')